The hot oil and gas mixture flows up from the wellhead and is routed through XMTs, manifolds, various critical instruments, spools, and flow lines before reaching the surface via the riser. To avoid the formation of hydrate plugs and wax build-up, insulation is required (paraffin). When the oil/gas composition is depressurized and exposed to low seawater temperature at the seabed, the formation of wax and hydrates begins. High-performance insulation materials are in high demand in the oil and gas industry, owing primarily to the growing demand for subsea pipeline applications.
